> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://zmnako.gitbook.io/datascience/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://zmnako.gitbook.io/datascience/sets.md).

# Set

Python has a built-in method called `set`. set type has the following characteristics

* Sets are a collection which is unordered and unindexed
* Set elements are unique. Duplicate elements are not allowed.
* A set itself may be mutable, but the elements within a set is immutable.

You can create sets in two ways:

1. using `set` method followed by a parenthesis `()`.
2. using **curly brackets** `{}`.

## `set()`

You can have an **ITERABLE** object such as list or tuple within `set(<iter>)`. This returns the list or tuple as a `set` wrapped in a curly bracket `{}`. Any iterable object can be converted to a **set** using `set()`. You can think of `set()` as [`extend()`](/datascience/lists.md#extend) method of lists.

&#x20;A  list within `set()`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
numbers = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

print(numbers)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

A tuple within `set()`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
numbers = set((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7))

print(numbers)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

A string with `a set()`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
my_letters = set('ABCDEF')

print(my_letters)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
{'E', 'F', 'C', 'B', 'A', 'D'}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

While converting an iterable objects to a set, the returned set is **deduplicated**.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
# Example 1
my_cities = set(['Krakow', 'Warsaw', 'Warsaw', 'Kielce'])

print(my_cities)


# Example 2
my_letters = set('AaBBCCDDEEE')

print(my_letters)


# Example 3
my_numbers = set('12345342')

print(my_numbers)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Outputs" %}

```python
# Example 1 output
{'Krakow', 'Kielce', 'Warsaw'}

# Example 2 output
{'D', 'E', 'B', 'C', 'a', 'A'}

# Example 3 output
{'4', '1', '3', '2', '5'}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

You can see that the output are unordered and deduplicated. The original orders are not kept. `set()` only accepts an object that is **iterable** such as a string, list or tuple. For example, integers are not iterable and it raises an error, to be specific `TypeError`, while we try to create a set with integer.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
my_numbers = set(12345342)

print(my_numbers)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-2b17322ba0b5> in <module>()
----> 1 my_numbers = set(12345342)
      2 
      3 print(my_numbers)

TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## `curly bracket {}`

You can create a `set` using **curly brackets** `{}`. **Curly brackets** `{}` must have only **IMMUTABLE** objects. Each element has to separated by a comma, similar to [lists](/datascience/lists.md) and [tuples](/datascience/tuples.md), in other words, a set can be created as `{<obj1>, <obj2>, <obj3>, ......, <objn>}`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
# Example 1
my_cities = {'Krakow', 'Warsaw', 'Warsaw', 'Kielce'}

print(my_cities)


# Example 2
my_letters = {'AaBBCCDDEEE'}

print(my_letters)


# Example 3
my_numbers = {12345342}

print(my_numbers)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Outputs" %}

```python
# Example 1 output
{'Kielce', 'Warsaw', 'Krakow'}

# Example 2 output
{'AaBBCCDDEEE'}

# Example 3 output
{12345342}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

As you can see, the **curly brackets** do not iterate through iterable elements. Each object is present in the set intact regardless of iterability.&#x20;

## Empty set

set can also be empty, as we had empty list and empty tuple. You can create an empty set using built-in function of set() only because Python interprets empty **curly brackets** `{}` as an empty dictionary.&#x20;

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
empty_set = set()

# Check empty_set type
print(type(empty_set))

print(empty_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(type(empty_set))
<class 'set'>

# print(empty_set)
set()
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## Mixed datatypes set

A set can have a mixed datatypes

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
# set function
mixed_set = set([34, 3.2, 'cat', 1.858, False, True, 'Name'])

print(mixed_set)

# Curly brackets
mixed_set_curly = {34, 3.2, 'cat', 1.858, False, True, 'Name'}

print(mixed_set_curly)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# set function
{False, 1.858, 34, 3.2, True, 'cat', 'Name'}

# Curly brackets
{False, 1.858, 34, 3.2, True, 'cat', 'Name'}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## How to add element(s) to a set?

Sets are unordered and changing with indexing brackets is not possible. Sets are mutable, but we cannot perform slicing or indexing operations to access its elements. Python raises `TypeError` when you use indexing or slicing operation.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
number_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}

print(number_set[:2])
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-c24bd2d35a09> in <module>()
      1 number_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
      2 
----> 3 print(number_set[:2])

TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

You can use set method of `add()`to add an element. `add()` method can be used to add an element, it takes only an arguments (`add(<obj>)`).

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.add(5)

print(new_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(new_set)
{5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

You can use set method `update()` to add elements . `update()` requires an iterable datatype (simple or complex) (`update(<iter>)`).

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.update([5, 2, 4, 3])

print(new_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(new_set)
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## How to delete element(s) from a set?

You can delete an element from a set using `discard()` or `remove()`.&#x20;

### remove function

`remove()` will delete the element where it is present and raises a `KeyError` where the element is absent.&#x20;

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
# Element is present
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.remove(8)
print(new_set)


# Element is absent
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.remove(5)
print(new_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# Element is present
# print(new_set)
{9, 6, 7}


# Element is absent
# print(new_set)
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-25ec930c2723> in <module>()
      1 new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}
      2 
----> 3 new_set.remove(5)
      4 
      5 print(new_set)

KeyError: 5
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### discard function

You can also use `discard()` to delete an element. if element is a member of the set, then removes it, but it does nothing when element is not a member of a set.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
# Element is present
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.discard(8)
print(new_set)


# Element is absent
new_set = {9, 8, 7, 6}

new_set.discard(5)
print(new_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# Element is present
# print(new_set)
{9, 6, 7}


# Element is absent
# print(new_set)
{8, 9, 6, 7}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## pop function

You can use pop() on a set. pop() returns an arbitrary element because sets are unordered.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
new_set = {9, 8, 5, 4, 7, 6}

print(new_set.pop())
print(new_set)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Ouput" %}

```python
print(new_set.pop())
4

print(new_set)
{5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## Set methods and operators

You can use Python set methods and operators to perform operations such as union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference.

### union

The set made by combining the elements of two sets.&#x20;

![Union of set 1 and set 2 is the whole circles.](/files/-M36qqKXaub3g9CTDfzW)

You can use **`union()`** method or **`| operator`.**

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}

# method 1
new_set = set_1.union(set_2)
print(new_set)


# method 2
new_set_2 = set_1 | set_2
print(new_set_2)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(new_set)
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

# print(new_set_2)
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

`| operator` creates a union of two sets (both side have to be sets), otherwise, it raises an error. While `union()` takes an iterable and converts it to a set before performing union operation. See example below; notice that the second set is a [tuple](/datascience/tuples.md).&#x20;

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = (1, 4, 3, 5, 6)

# method 1
new_set = set_1.union(set_2)
print(new_set)


# method 2
print(set_1 | set_2)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(new_set)
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}


#print(set_1 | set_2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-5ce450bc75fa> in <module>()
      8 
      9 # method 2
---> 10 print(set_1 | set_2)

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'set' and 'tuple'
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

As you can see, the `union` runs successfully but `| operator` raises `TypeError`.

### intersection

set intersection is the elements that are only in both sets or the elements which are **overlapping**.

![Intersect of set1 and set 2 (set 1 ^ set 2 section only)](/files/-M36vuppxg-_GpqAicnv)

You can use **`intersection()`** method or **`& operator`** to get intersect of two sets.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}

# method 1
new_set = set_1.intersection(set_2)
print(new_set)


# method 2
new_set_2 = set_1 & set_2
print(new_set_2)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(new_set)
{4, 5, 6}


# print(new_set_2)
{4, 5, 6}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### **difference**

You can use **`difference()`** method or **`- operator`** to get intersect of two sets. The difference of set A and set B is a set of elements that are only present in set A but not set B. The difference of set B and set A is vice versa.

#### set 1 difference

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}

# method 1
set_1_diff = set_1.difference(set_2)
print(set_1_diff)


# method 2
set_1_diff_op = set_1 - set_2
print(set_1_diff_op)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(set_1_diff)
{7, 8, 9}


#print(set_1_diff_ops)
{7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

#### set 2 difference

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}

# method 1
set_2_diff = set_2.difference(set_1)
print(set_2_diff)


# method 2
set_2_diff_op = set_2 - set_1
print(set_2_diff_op)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(set_2_diff)
{1, 3}


#print(set_2_diff_ops)
{1, 3}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### symmetric difference

symmetric difference is a set that contains all the elements from set A and set B that is not shared. It can be seen as opposite of [intersection](/datascience/sets.md#intersection).

You can You can use `symmetric_difference()` method or `^ operator`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}

# method 1
sym_diff = set_1.symmetric_difference(set_2)
print(sym_diff)


# method 2
sym_diff_op = set_1 ^ set_2
print(sym_diff_op)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(sym_diff)
{1, 3, 7, 8, 9}


#print(sym_diff_ops)
{1, 3, 7, 8, 9}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

All set methods and operators above support multiple set [union](/datascience/sets.md#union), [intersection](/datascience/sets.md#intersection), [difference](/datascience/sets.md#difference) and [symmetric difference](/datascience/sets.md#symmetric-difference) when you are using methods and operators except symmetric difference method.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Code" %}

```python
set_1 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
set_2 = {1, 4, 3, 5, 6}
set_3 = {1, 5, 6, 10}

# method 1
sym_diff_op = set_1 ^ set_2 ^ set_3
print(sym_diff_op)


# method 2
sym_diff = set_1.symmetric_difference(set_2, set_3)
print(sym_diff)
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Output" %}

```python
# print(sym_diff_op)
{3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}


# print(sym_diff)
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-20-cc52d7471fff> in <module>()
      9 
     10 # method 2
---> 11 sym_diff = set_1.symmetric_difference(set_2, set_3)
     12 print(sym_diff)

TypeError: symmetric_difference() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}